Get

In Your Inbox

Dogster is reader-supported. When you buy via links on our site, we may earn an affiliate commission at no cost to you. Learn more.

8 Common Liver Problems in Dogs: Our Vet Explains

dog owner talking to vet

Liver enzyme elevations are common in blood tests, whether your dog is unwell or just receiving pre-anesthetic blood work. You might be familiar with the “ALT” and “ALP” values seen on their blood tests. ALT (alanine aminotransferase) is an enzyme found in liver cells, and when it is elevated on a blood panel, it can indicate liver cell damage. ALP (alkaline phosphatase) is found in the bile ducts within the liver, and elevations can indicate gallbladder and bile duct problems.

The problem with these enzymes is that they don’t diagnose your dog but rather tell us there is a problem. So, if your vet has told you that your dog has some liver problems, you’ll want to know about the possibilities. Here are some of the most common problems.

divider dog paws 3 oct 2024

The 8 Common Liver Problems in Dogs

1. Benign Growths

In the same way that dogs get lumps and bumps on the skin, the liver can also get abnormal growths. Thankfully, not all of these growths will be malignant. Liver cysts and nodular hyperplasia are benign growths that commonly occur in the liver.

Often, they can cause mild liver enzyme elevation but don’t cause any health problems. Congenital disease can cause multiple liver cysts to occur in Cairn Terriers, Bull Terriers, Beagles, and West Highland White Terriers. Occasionally, cysts can become very large and interfere with liver function, but surgical removal of these cysts is usually curative.

Vet examining a small dog with xrays on a screen in the background
Image Credit: GoodFocused, Shutterstock

2. Cushing’s Disease

Cushing’s disease, or hyperadrenocorticism, to use the medical term, is a hormonal disorder involving the overproduction of the hormone cortisol. Cushing’s disease is very common in middle-aged to older small-breed dogs. Cushing’s disease causes excessive amounts of glycogen (an energy source) to be stored in the liver, leading to liver damage and ALT and/or ALP elevation.

Other signs of Cushing’s disease are increased appetite and thirst, urinating more than usual, a pot-belly appearance, panting, and thinning hair. If you suspect your dog has Cushing’s disease, your vet can perform a specific blood test to confirm this and discuss treatment options for your pup. Imaging of the adrenal glands, which produce cortisol, may also lead to suspicion of Cushing’s disease.


3. Chronic Hepatitis

Chronic hepatitis is a disease involving ongoing inflammation in the liver, leading to liver damage. Commonly, ALT is elevated, but ALP can also be elevated. There are certain triggers for the disease, but often, the inciting cause is not found, leading to a diagnosis of “idiopathic” chronic hepatitis, meaning the cause is unknown.

It can also be immune-mediated. Chronic hepatitis is most common in female, young, and middle-aged dogs. Certain genetic factors can play a role in chronic hepatitis, and some breeds are more prone to the disease. A liver biopsy is the only way to diagnose it. Specific and supportive medical treatment is available to help dogs with chronic hepatitis.

vet examining dogs feet
Image Credit: Wasan Tita, Shutterstock

4. Toxic Injury

Some toxins can impact the liver and make dogs very unwell. Cycads are common garden plants that, unfortunately, contain cycasin, a potent liver toxin that can harm your dog if they eat any part of the plant, especially the seeds and the roots.

Xylitol, the artificial sweetener, can cause liver damage and low blood sugar. Certain molds can produce aflatoxins that harm the liver, which is why your dog should never eat moldy food. Blue-green algae, some mushrooms, and pesticides can also be a problem. If your dog has liver issues, you should ensure they don’t have access to anything toxic. Sometimes, only ALT is elevated in cases of toxicity.


5. Infection

An infection of the liver or gallbladder can cause ALT and ALP elevation. Bacteria can move from the intestine, up the bile duct, and into the gallbladder and liver in a condition known as cholangiohepatitis. Specific pathogens also have an affinity for the liver once they enter the body.

Canine adenovirus 1 and canine herpesvirus can cause acute liver disease. Immunization against adenovirus 1 is part of the core vaccination for dogs, and pups are most susceptible to herpes virus, so if you have an adult, vaccinated dog, generally viral causes are less likely.

Leptospira, Clostridium, and Mycobacterium bacteria can infect the liver, and bile cultures may diagnose these infections. Fungal and parasitic infections can also occur. Part of the testing for dogs with liver problems can involve looking for infectious diseases. If you would ever suspect your dog might’ve got an infection, give your vet a call and describe all the signs to them to get a second opinion.

If you need to speak with a vet but can't get to one, head over to PangoVet. It's an online service where you can talk to a vet online and get the personalized advice you need for your pet — all at an affordable price!

PangoVet_Mention-in-Content Savings V1


6. Cancers

Malignant cancers can cause liver enzyme elevation. Commonly, the cancer will come from the liver itself, but sometimes, other cancers like lymphoma, pancreatic cancer, and mammary cancer can spread to the liver.

Hepatocellular carcinoma is the most common type of liver cancer, but other forms can occur too. Imaging modalities like ultrasounds or CT scans are good at detecting tumors. Surgery is sometimes possible depending on how widespread the tumor is. Sometimes, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or palliative care are the best options.


7. Genetic Diseases

Some genetic diseases can cause liver damage and elevated ALT and ALP. Malteses, German Shepherds, and Curly Coated Retrievers can inherit glycogen storage disease, where glycogen accumulates in the liver.

Hepatic amyloidosis occurs in Shar-Peis, which can lead to the protein amyloid accumulating in the liver and secondary liver damage. Bedlington Terriers, Doberman Pinschers, Skye Terriers, and West Highland White Terriers may accumulate copper in the liver as they can inherit an inability to excrete it in their bile. If your dog has liver problems, especially if they are younger, it may be worth looking into genetic diseases in the breed.

dachshund sick dog vet
Image Credit: SeventyFour, Shutterstock

8. Gallbladder Mucocele

A gallbladder mucocele occurs when thick mucus accumulates in the gallbladder, leading to reduced bile flow and potentially a complete blockage. Since this condition affects the bile ducts first, ALP is usually elevated, but ALT elevation can occur when the liver is damaged as a consequence of obstruction.

Shetland Sheepdogs are genetically prone to this disease, but it can occur in any breed. Cushing’s disease, hypothyroidism, and inflammatory bowel disease can also make dogs vulnerable to developing mucoceles. In the worst cases, a mucocele can lead to a life-threatening gallbladder rupture; however, if detected early, medication can be prescribed to treat the mucocele. Surgical gallbladder removal is the ideal treatment option.

divider dog paws 3 oct 2024

Conclusion

As you can see, some liver issues are more severe than others. You should find a vet that you trust and discuss your dog’s specific situation with them since every circumstance will be different. If your pet has mild ALT or ALP elevations and is otherwise well, it is very different than a dog with severe enzyme elevations and signs of illness. Your vet will make a diagnostic and treatment plan to benefit your furry friend. We hope your pup’s problems are on the less serious side, and we wish them a speedy recovery.


Featured Image Credit: SeventyFour, Shutterstock

How useful was this post?

Click on a star to rate (you can leave written feedback after clicking submit)

Help us improve Dogster for pet parents!

Your feedback really matters.

What did you like about this post? Also how can we improve it?

Join the conversation

Leave a Reply

You’re very welcome to leave a comment or question. Please know that all comments must meet our community guidelines, and your email address will NOT be published. Let’s have a positive and constructive conversation.

Talk With A Vet Online

Peace of mind,
anywhere, anytime

Affordable vet advice

Fluid In Dog’s Abdomen: Causes, Signs & Treatment (Vet Answer)

The medical name for fluid in the abdomen is “abdominal effusion” or “ascites.” Not every dog with a bloated abdomen has ascites, though;...

Ultrasound image showing showing fluid which may be blood

Portosystemic Shunts in Dogs (PSS): Signs, Causes & Treatment (Vet Answer)

Portosystemic shunts are defects in the blood flow between the abdominal organs and the liver. Shunts are due to abnormal blood vessels, shunting...

male veterinarian doctor holding a black puppy

Do Dogs Get Liver Spots? Our Vet Explains the Causes, Treatment & FAQ

Your dog has new spots developing, little pigmented areas you know weren’t there last year. You think about your grandma’s hands and wonder:...

closeup Senior Poodle dog butt with blackspot and redness or rash irritation skin problems

Addison’s Disease in Dogs: Our Vet Explains the Signs, Causes & Care

Most people can rattle off a list of the major organs in the body, like the liver, heart, and brain. Some minor organs...

labrador retriever dog lying on the floor looking sad or sick

More related

Toy poodle dog vomits yellow substance

Why Is My Dog Vomiting Yellow? Reasons & What to Do (Vet Answer)

Unfortunately, vomiting can be a common part of having a dog, and their vomit can come in many forms and be a variety...

Two pumi or Hungarian shepherd dogs in a studio

Can Dogs Get Sick from Other Dogs? Info & Common Diseases (Vet Answer)

Dogs are becoming increasingly popular as pets and with good reason. These loyal, intelligent, and affectionate animals make great family members. Dogs are...

labrador retriever dog lying on the floor looking sad or sick

Why Is My Dog Weak While Taking Prednisone? Vet-Verified Info & FAQ

Taking medication can influence our bodies—and that includes our canine counterparts. We can’t ever truly foretell how some medications will impact the body...

Medication in kibbles or pet food

Tylosin for Dogs: Uses, Side Effects & FAQ (Vet Answer)

Tylosin is a useful antibiotic and anti-inflammatory medication for treating diarrhea and inflammatory bowel conditions in dogs. It can be given as an...

Keep reading

9 Best Dog Foods for Seizures in 2025: Reviews & Top Picks

Seizures are a growing concern amongst dog parents and one that is understood as little by veterinarians as it is by dog owners. While there is debate on the cause and necessary treatment for seizures in dogs, there’s no doubt...

Dog beagle eating canned food from bowl in bright interior

Can Dogs Eat Bones? Vet-Approved Health & Safety Guide

Dogs and bones seem to go together like peanut butter and jelly, but is it actually safe or healthy to offer a bone to your dog? While bones can be a good source of minerals and nutrients and clean the...

Can Dogs Eat Bones

Can Dogs Eat Lunch Meats? Vet-Approved Facts & FAQ

Dogs enjoy eating meats and meat-flavored snacks. However, not all meat is safe for dogs to eat, including lunch meats. While it’s not likely for your dog to get sick if they eat a small piece of lunch meat, continuously...

Can Dogs Eat_lunch meats

How to Make Chicken Jerky for Dogs: Vet Approved Recipe & Tips

Chicken jerky is a delicious treat for your dog. Most dogs love chicken, and it’s often found in dog foods. Some dogs may be allergic to chicken, but as long as your doggie has no chicken allergy, you can make...

close up of a dog eating from the bowl

Iams Dog Food vs. Blue Buffalo: 2025 Comparison, Pros & Cons

There are dozens of different dog foods in the marketplace today. Whether you have a completely healthy dog or one that has dietary restrictions due to allergies or sensitivities, it’s best to know which options may be best for your...

Dogster_Dog Food IAMS VS Blue Buffalo

10 Best Beef Dog Foods in 2025 – Reviews & Top Picks

There are different aspects to consider when looking at food for your dog. There is your dog’s specific daily nutrition needs to consider, which are all determined by its breed, age, and any ailments it may be suffering from. When...

English cocker spaniel dog eating food drinking water from bowl on the floot in the kitchen home

Can Dogs Eat Citrus Fruit? Vet-Verified Nutrition Facts & FAQ

It seems natural that you’d want to share your food with your pup. After all, meals have been part of our collective history since domestication. Sharing is fine with some foods, like meat, because dogs are considered omnivores. That said,...

Can Dogs Eat_citrus fruit

10 Best Dog Foods for Medium Dogs in 2025 – Reviews & Top Picks

There are so many options for dog food on the market nowadays that it’s easy to feel overwhelmed by all the choices. The good news about the many varieties of food is that dogs that suffer from allergies can find...

beagle dog eating from bowl